DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR ENHANCING THE ENTRY OF ALMAJIRIS INTO COTTON PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS IN NORTHWEST, NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 9
Purpose of the Study 11
Significance of the Study 12
Research Questions 13
Hypotheses 14
Scope of the Study 15
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 16
Conceptual Framework 17
Task Analysis Approach 17
Competency Based Approach 19
Modular Approach 21
Research and Development (R & D) 23
Occupational Area Approach 25
Function of Industry Analysis 27
Concept of Almajiris 28
Cotton Occupation 29
Programme Development 30
Theoretical Framework of the Study 32
Motivation Theory 32
Occupational Theory 38
Training Theory 40
Cotton Production 44
Competencies in Cotton Production 44
Review of Related Empirical Studies 123
Summary of the Reviewed Literature 136
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 138
Design of the Study 138
Area of the Study 139
Population of the Study 139
Sample and Sampling Technique 140
Instrument for Data Collection 140
Validation of the Instrument 141
Reliability of the Instrument 141
Method of Data Collection 142
Method of Data Analysis 142
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 145
Research Question One 145
Research Question Two 146
Research Question Three 148
Research Question Four 149
Research Question Five 150
Research Question Six 151
Testing of Hypotheses 152
Findings of the Study 160
Discussion of Findings 184
Discussion of Findings from Hypotheses Tested 186
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 189
Re-statement of the Problem 189
Purpose of the Study 190
Summary of the Procedure Used 190
Major Findings of the Study 191
Conclusion 193
Educational Implications of the Study 194
Limitation of the Study 195
Recommendations for Implementation 196
Suggestions for Further Studies 197
REFERENCES 198
APPENDICES 213
APPENDIX A: Evidence of Visits to Cotton Farms for Functions of Industry 213
APPENDIX B: Population of Agricultural Extension Agents 216
APPENDIX C: Population of Cotton Processors and Marketers 217
APPENDIX D: Population of Teachers of Agricultural Science 218
APPENDIX E: Request for Validation of Research Instrument 219
APPENDIX F: Instrument for Data Collection 220
APPENDIX G: Results of Reliability Test 247
APPENDIX H: Format for Packaging the Programmes 257
APPENDIX I: PROGRAMME I 258
APPENDIX J: PROGRAMME 2 273
APPENDIX K: PROGRAMME 3 282
APPENDIX L: Evidence of Validation of the Packaged Programmes 289
APPENDIX M: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question One 294
APPENDIX N: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question Two 304
APPENDIX O: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question Three 307
APPENDIX P: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question Four 309
APPENDIX Q: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question Five 311
APPENDIX R: Item-by-Item Analysis for Research Question Six 312
APPENDIX S: Item-by-Item Analysis for Hypothesis One 314
APPENDIX T: Item-by-Item Analysis for Hypothesis Two 326
APPENDIX U: Item-by-Item Analysis for Hypothesis Three 330
APPENDIX V: Item-by-Item Analysis for Hypothesis Four 332
APPENDIX W: Item-by-Item Analysis for Hypothesis Five 335
APPENDIX X: Result of Data Analysed 336
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural Extension Agents
and Teachers of Agricultural Science on the competencies required
by almajiris for entry into occupation in growing of cotton 145
Table 2:Mean Rating of the Responses of Cotton Processors and Cotton
Marketers on Competencies Required by almjiris for Entering into
Occupation in Processing of Cotton 147
Table 3: Mean Rating of the Responses of Cotton Processors and Cotton
Marketers on Competencies Required by almajiris for Entry into
Occupation in Marketing of Cotton 148
Table 4: Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural Extension Agent
and Teachers of Agricultural Science on Motivational Strategies
Required for Enhancing the Entry and Sustainability of almajiris
into Occupations in Cotton Production 149
Table 5: Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural Extension Agents
and Teachers of Agricultural Science on the Motivational Strategies
Required for Enhancing the Performance of Trainers in Training
the almajiri for Occupations in Cotton Production 150
Table 6: Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural Extension Agents
and Teachers of Agricultural Science on Training Procedure that
could be Utilized for Empowering the almajiris with Skills in Cotton
Production Occupations at the Skills Acquisition Centres 151
Table 7: t-Test Analysis of Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural
Extension Agent and Teachers of Agricultural Science on Competence
Required by almajiris for Entry into Occupation in Growing of Cotton 153
Table 8: t-Test Analysis of Mean Ratings of the Responses of Cotton
Processors and Cotton Marketers on Competences Required by
almajiris for Entry into Occupation in Processing of Cotton 154
Table 9: t- Test Analysis of Mean Rating of the Responses of Cotton Processors
and Cotton Marketers on Competencies Required by almajiri for Entry
into Occupation in Marketing of Cotton 156
Table 10: t-Test Analysis of Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural
Extension Agent and Teachers of Agricultural Science on Motivational
Strategies Required for Enhancing the Entry and Sustainability
of almajiri in Occupations in Cotton Production 1157
Table 11: t-Test Analysis of Mean Rating of the Responses of Agricultural
Extension Agent and Teachers of Agricultural Science on Motivational
Strategies Required for Enhancing the Performance of Trainers in
Training the almajiris for Occupations in Cotton Production 159
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Steps of System Model of Educational Research & Development (R & D) 25
Figure 2: Occupational Clusters in Cotton Production 26
Figure 3: Schema on Cotton Production and Youth (almajiris) Motivation 31
Figure 4: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 33
Abstract
This study focused on the development of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations in Northwest, Nigeria. Six research questions guided the study and five hypotheses were formulated and tested at the probability of 0.05 level of significance. Research and Development (R & D) design was used for the study. The population for the study was 2,717 comprising 1,528 Agricultural Extension Agents; 1,138 Teachers of Agricultural Science; 24 Cotton Processors and 27 Marketers. The sample for the study was 580 consisting 301 Agricultural Extension Agents, 228 Teachers of Agricultural Science and 51 Cotton Processors and Marketers. The population of Agricultural Extension Agents and Teachers of Agricultural Science were sampled using 20% proportionate stratified random sampling technique while the entire population of Cotton Processors and Marketers were adopted because of their small size. The questionnaire which is divided into five sections (growing, processing, and marketing of cotton, motivational strategies and training procedures) were developed from the review of the literature and function of industry and used for data collection from the respondents and were face-validated by five experts. Cronbach Alpha reliability method was used to determine the internal consistency of the instruments. Reliability coefficients of 0.79, 0.71, 0.73, 0.82 and 0.89 were obtained for the five sections of questionnaire respectively. Agricultural Extension Agents and Teachers of Agricultural Science responded to 529 copies of the questionnaire on growing of cotton, motivational strategies and training procedure, while Cotton Processors and Marketers responded to 51 copies of the questionnaire on processing and marketing of cotton. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the researcher with the help of seven research assistants. A total of 571 copies were retrieved out of the 580 copies administered with return rate of 98.4%. The data collected were analyzed using weighted mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test statistics was used to test the hypotheses at the probability level of 0.05 and at relevant degrees of freedom. It was found out that the almajiris required 182 competencies in growing cotton, 57 competencies in processing cotton and 27 competencies in marketing of cotton for entry into any of the occupation in cotton production enterprises. It was also found out that 34 motivational strategies were required for motivating the almajiris for entry into training in cotton production occupations. The trainers also required 10 motivational strategies for enhancing their performance in training the almajiris in cotton production enterprises. The study further revealed that 28 competencies were identified as training procedure to be utilized by trainers for empowering the almajiris with skills at the skill acquisition centres. The findings from the test of hypotheses revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Agricultural Extension Agents and Teachers of Agricultural Science on 182 competencies on growing of cotton, 44 motivational strategies required for motivating the almajiris as well as trainers in cotton production occupations. It was also found out that there was no significant difference in the mean rating of the responses of Cotton Processors and Marketers on 52 out of 57 competency items required by almajiris for entry into cotton processing enterprise. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Cotton Processors and Marketers on 27 competencies in marketing for enhancing the entry of almajiris into marketing of cotton. The identified competencies in cotton production occupation and motivational strategies for the training of almajiris in cotton production were used to package the motivational training programme for the training of almajiris in cotton production. It was recommended that the identified motivational strategies with competencies in cotton production should be utilized by the state government in Northwest, Nigeria for training the almajiris in cotton production for entering into occupation in cotton enterprises.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Cotton (Gossypium spp) is a fibre crop grown in large scale in the Northwest zone of Nigeria. United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Report (2006) stated that cultivated cotton originated from Asia and Pre-Columbian America (particularly in Peru and Guatemala) and spread to Mexico from these regions. James (2008) explained that cotton is a variety of fibre crop of the genus Gossypium belonging to the malvacae family which comprises of approximately 1,500 species including the baobab trees. International Trade Centre (ITC) Report (2010) stated that four types of cotton are grown on a commercial scale in the world. They include Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium herbaceum. The report explained that Gossypium hirsutum accounts for 90% of the world cotton production, Gossypium barbadense, 8% while Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium herbaceum account for the remaining 2%.Gossypium hirsutum is the species mostly cultivated in Northwest,Nigeria because of its high yield and adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of the area. Saro (2004) stated that cotton requires an arid climate with adequate water supply during the early stage of growth; it requires a well-drained and fertile sandy loam soil with a pH value of 6 to 8.00 for good growth.