EFFECTS OF FIELD TRIP AND LAND LABORATORY ACTIVITIES ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT AND INTEREST IN POULTRY PRODUCTION IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NSUKKA, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL PAGE ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF APPENDIXES xi
ABSTRACT xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 9
Purpose of the Study 10
Significance of the Study 11
Research Questions 12
Hypotheses 13
Scope of the Study 13
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 15
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 15
Concept of Poultry 15
Teaching Approaches in Agricultural Science 18
Fieldtrips Approaches in Agricultural Science 19
Land Laboratory Activities in Agricultural Science 22
Academic Achievement 26
Interest in Agricultural Science 28
Gender and academic achievement 29
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 32
Brunner’s Theory of Instruction 32
Gagn’s Theory of Instruction 33
Related Empirical Studies 34
SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEWED 48
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 50
Design of the Study 50
Area of the Study 50
Population for the Study 51
Sample and Sampling Technique 51
Instrument for Data Collection 52
Validation of the Instrument 52
Reliability of the Instrument 53
Method of Data Collection 54
Method of Data Analysis 57
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 58
Results of the Study 58
Findings of the Study 67
Discussion of the Findings 69
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75
Re-statement of the Problem 75
Summary of Procedure used 77
Major findings of the Study 78
Conclusion 80
Implication of the Study 80
Recommendations 81
Suggestions for further study 82
REFERENCES 83
LIST OF TABLES
- Mean of Pretest and Post Achievement Scores of Students Taught Poultry
Production using Fieldtrip and those taught using Land Laboratory Activities 58
- Mean of Male and Female Students taught Poultry using Fieldtrip and those
taught using Land Laboratory activities 61
- Mean of Pre-test and Post-test students taught Poultry Production using
Fieldtrip and those taught Land Laboratory activities 62
- Mean of Pre-test and Post-test Interest Scores of male and Female Students’ taught poultry production using field trip and land laboratory activities 63
- Mean Interaction Effect of Fieldtrip, Land Laboratory Activities and
Gender on Students Achievement in Poultry Production 64
- Mean Interaction Effect of Field Trip, Land Laboratory Activities and
Gender on Students’ Interest in Poultry Production 65
- Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) of the Mean Achievement Scores of Students and Interaction Effect of the Treatment and Gender of Students taught Poultry Production using Fieldtrip and Land Laboratory activities 66
- Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) of the Significant Difference in the Mean
Interest Scores of Students’ and Interaction Effects of the Treatments and
Gender of Students taught Poultry Production using Fieldtrip and Land
Laboratory activities 68
List of Figures
- Conceptual Framework of Study Variables 31
LIST OF APPENDICES
A1: WAEC Results of 2008 – 2014 and Chief Examiner’s Report 91
A2: The West African examination council executive Summary of entries and
Chief examiners reports on the West African senior school certificate examination
(WASCE) For the years 2010-2012 92
B1: Population and sample of Schools and Students in Nsukka Education Zone 101
B2: Schools in Nsukka Local Government Area Sampled for the Study 103
C1: Poultry Production Achievement Test Item (PPAT) Developed Based on
Simpson’s Psychomotor Domain for Pretest 104
C2: Poultry Production Achievement Test (PPAT) for Post Test 116
D1: Marking Scheme for Poultry Production Test for Pre-Test 128
D2: Marking Scheme for PPAT for Post Test 129
E: Table of Specifications 130
F: Poultry Production Interest Inventory 132
G: Lesson Plan on Field Trip 135
H: Lesson Plan on Laboratory Approach 151
I: Agricultural Science Curriculum 167
J1: Analysis of Data Collection 172
J2: Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test 178
K1: Result of Reliability Testing 179
K2: Eta-Squared 181
L: Summary of the outcome of the interaction of the researcher and teachers
of Agricultural Science during May/ June 2015 WAEC marking Exercise
on the Efficacy of field trip and land laboratory activities in teaching
Agricultural science. 184
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of fieldtrip and land laboratory activities on students’ achievement and interest in poultry production in Senior Secondary Schools in Nsukka Local government Area, Enugu State. Six research questions were answered while six null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design and was carried out in Nsukka, Enugu State. The population of the study was 1,671 senior Secondary School two students in Nsukka Local Government Area. The sample for the study was 104 students offering agricultural science in senior secondary school II, made up of 50 males and 54 females and is selected using simple random sampling technique. Instruments for data collection were a 53 – item multiple choice Poultry Production Achievement Test (PPAT) and Poultry Production Interest Inventory (PPII). The Lesson Plans, PPAT and PPII were validated by five experts. The reliability of the PPAT was established using Kuder Richardson 21 (K-R 21) Formular in which a coefficient of 0.85 was obtained; while Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the internal consistency of the PPII in which a coefficient of 0.81 was obtained. The experiment was carried out during the normal school hour following the school timetable for senior classes. The duration of the experiment was seven weeks,. The data collected for this study were analyzed using mean to answer the research questions and analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study found out that land laboratory activities increased students achievement in poultry production more than the field trip activities. The study also found out that the mean difference in the achievement of students taught poultry production using field trip and land laboratory was 18.42 in favour of land laboratory. The study further found out that field trip had more positive mean effect on male than female students’ achievement while land laboratory had more positive effect on female students than field trip. The study found out that the mean difference in the interest of students taught poultry production using field trip and land laboratory was 0.34 in favour of land laboratory. The study also found out that land laboratory had more positive mean effect on both male and female students’ interest than field trip. The study found out that the interaction effect of treatments and gender on students reduced male’s mean achievement in poultry production but increased that of females. The study also found out that there was a statistical significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students taught poultry production using field trip and land laboratory.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The success of any educational enterprise is determined by how well a teacher varies the instructional approaches and other intervening variables. Some of such teaching approaches include the use of project, demonstration among others. Wood and Gentile (2003) noted that many of the conventional approaches like lecture do not encourage creative thinking and collaborative participation of teachers and students. Teachers are therefore, more challenged to find effective ways of making teaching more effective in all the school subjects including agricultural science which in this study is the subject of investigation. Agricultural science is taught in senior secondary schools in Nigeria. The curriculum of agricultural science stipulated that for exposure and productive skill development of students, schools offering agricultural science should provide equipment and adequate farm space. In addition to having a farm, each school should keep at least two farm animals, one each from ruminants and non-ruminants (Nigerian Education Research and Development). (NERDC 2008). In Enugu State, Poultry rearing among other livestock enterprises is more popular among the communities and schools, which makes it appropriate for this study.
Poultry refers to all domesticated birds kept for eggs or meat production. Najime (2003) explained the term poultry as domesticated birds that people keep for the purpose of collecting eggs, meat or feathers. Poultry includes birds such as pigeons, doves or birds which are reared for their meat by man. Poultry has remained a major source of protein to man as its products contain the essential amino acids required by human body to synthesize protein. In the view of Banerja (2005), poultry production is a lucrative venture and requires little investment to start. The author further stated that poultry dropping is an excellent organic manure for enriching vegetable gardens, while crop like maize grains are used in preparing feeds which are fed to poultry in a symbiotic farming which enhances efficiency of farm resources to increase outputs. Ezeigbe (2010) reported that poultry production is a very important arm of livestock and enjoys high interest among livestock production farmers and the meat has high demand because of its nutritional facility. Poultry production plays vital roles in human nutrition and employment opportunity which could be in agro-allied industry, poultry marketing, and hatching operations, among others.